An Exploration of Racism in Heart of Darkness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1933 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Heart of Darkness Essay Did you like this example? Joseph Conradrs Heart of Darkness has been analyzed and critiqued for its misrepresentation of the African race. Some critics have even gone so far as to say that the whole piece itself is racist. While Conrad was not solely responsible for the xenophobic image of Africa, his writing did seem to support the stereotype of the native people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Exploration of Racism in Heart of Darkness" essay for you Create order Nevertheless, Conrad was writing at a time when the historical representation of Africans had always been primarily depicted as racist. It is also safe to assume that Conrad failed to delineate Africans properly because he recognized little of their culture. This could be due to the fact that his time on the Congo was spent mostly with white men. While Conradrs text can be difficult to comprehend and does have certain racist elements, this does not mean the author was racist and wrote Heart of Darkness with racist intentions; on the contrary, it is presumed that Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness to show the wicked ways of the Europeans, not to scrutinize Africans. In a literary piece titled An Image of Africa: Racism in Conradrs Heart of Darkness by Chinua Achebe, Achebe writes about Conradrs work being opened up on the River Thames, which is calm and tranquil; however, the actual story will take place on the River Congo, the very antithesis of the Thames (15). Achebe argues that Conrad is not worried so much about the differences of the two, as he is worried about the kinship between them (15). Before Thames was at the point of peace, it was seen as one of the dark places of the earth (Conrad 75). The thought of the Thames going back into its state of darkness is what Conrad seems to be most concerned for, as he seems to say that darkness never really leaves; Marlow, a character from the book, states, it is like a running blaze in a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clouds. We live in the flicker may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! (76). From this, it seems that Marlow is saying that the state they are in right now is th e flicker of light in the midst of the darkness. This darkness mainly resides in the wicked hearts of people and, if not taken care of properly, can be released again. Marlow has seen this type of darkness first hand from the Congo and all its atrocities. Obviously it is not that Africa is a place that turns men wicked; however, Africa seems to be a place where wicked men do not curb their corrupt behavior. By seeing this, Marlow has a sense of prejudice due to his ignorance of the matter, and because he has had no other experiences to base them off of, so he hastily makes his own conclusions on others. A prime example that Conrad uses to display not only Marlowrs bias, but to express his own empathy for the situation is the fireman. The fireman is an African who has been trained to operate the boatrs boiler. While watching him, Marlow refers to the fireman as an improved specimen (Conrad 99) and he thinks theres an evil spirit inside who gets angry if its not given enough water. Marlow also gives a very harsh description of the fireman, referring to him as a dog dressed like a person. Despite this unfavorable description, it seems that Marlow sympathizes with the fireman. Marlow feels that the fireman would be better off with his relatives instead of being seperated from them and forced to work for the Europeans (Conrad 100). This statement from Marlow was most likely sincere, as Achebe states, For Conrad things being in their place is of the utmost importance (18). When things are where they are supposed to be, it helps relieve future conflict that could arise; however, when peopl e, or things, are placed where they do not belong it can cause chaos to erupt. Had Europeans decided not to colonize Africa, many of the events and tragedies discussed in Heart of Darkness would have been completely avoided. This fact seems to uphold the idea that Conrad felt that Europeans had no right being in Africa; furthermore, in Paranoia and Pain in Joseph Conradrs Heart of Darkness author Al-Assad Omar quotes, In this short novel, he dramatized his own confiding attitudes toward passion and reason, savagery and civilization (1). Conrad may have felt that Heart of Darkness was the most effective way to express his views on the situation. None of the Europeans depicted in Heart of Darkness seem interested in helping or educating the Africans; instead, most of them ignore the anguish around them and continue to pursue their own personal endeavors. The fact that Conrad decided to portray the Europeans in such a negative light seems to suggest that he disagreed with their being in Africa and hoped to share his feelings on the subject. In an analysis of Josep h Conrad and his works, Aaron Records states the following on Conrad: I surmise that arguments of intention are dangerous and that no one should make them because they are largely insupportable. If anything, an argument of intention has all the qualities of prejudice and once investigated, seems just as absurd as arguments for racism (159). The statement made by Records debunks the claim that Conradrs writing was intentionally racist. With no evidence to back up the claims, they are not valid. Furthermore, Achebe uses the argument that because Conrad lacks focus on the African characters Heart of Darkness has a racist nature; however, Conrad choosing to show the savagery of the Europeans on the French Ship seems much more appropriate to cover. Marlow describes the scene; In the empty immensity of earth, sky, and water, there she was, incomprehensible, firing into a continent (82). The thought of a French warship approaching a small village with spears and arrows seems a tad extreme. This treatment of the natives further shows the crude behavior of the whites. When he first sees the ship, Marlow sees a gang of Africans who look to be severely overworked and malnourished. As the ship passes by, all the Africans seem to be unphased by Marlowrs presence despite being in close proximity to him. Their lack of regard for Marlow shows their paucity of connection for the moment and just how their treatment on the ship had made them lose all connection with their surroundings. Again seeing the harsh realities of the situation, Marlow sees the impact Europe had on the natives. He states, They were dying slowly it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation (84). Marlow implies in this passage that the natives were mistreated, used relentlessly for labor until they were spent, at which point they were allowed by the civilized whites to crawl into the grove of death to die. At this point, Marlow seems to have a revelation. He sees these Africans in a new light than before, and acknowledges their pain. Not only does Marlow make note of the Africans on the ship, he also observes cannibals that he seems to have high regards for. Marlow begins to give insights into some of the Africans that crew his ship. He states of the cannibals, fine fellows cannibals in their place. They were men one could work with, and I am grateful to them (98). The fact that Marlow places such an importance on the value of work, and that he describes the Africans as men one could work with seems to show the level of respect he has for them. To flip the situation around, there is never an instance where Marlow describes any of the Europeans as people he could see himself working with. In fact, there is another altercation in the novella where the Europeans take food from a group of cannibals and throw it overboard. When this happens, Marlow wonders why the cannibals have such restraint over themselves and states, It takes man all his inborn strength to fight hunger properly (103). The restraint demonstrated by the cannibals has a huge contrast to the pilgrims and Marlow even comments on how unwholesome the pilgrims looked (103). The fact that Marlow viewed the cannibals with such high esteem and the Europeans with such low disregard furthermore highlights the feelings Conrad had toward the Europeans. For this particular situation, Marlow wants to highlight the overwhelming dissimilarities between the Africans and the Europeans. The Africans show striking uprightness in not eating the Europeans; especially because they had them outnumbered thirty to five (103). Perceived to be vicious, one would not think that cannibals can have integrity; however, Conrad shows that they can. As time goes on, Marlow starts to see the Africans for who they truly are and understand that they are not the ones who are always in the wrong. In a text written about Heart of Darkness, author Glen Retief states the following, First, Heart of Darkness, is in many ways, the quintessential narrative of Africa written by an outsider: both Conrad and Marlow know nothing of the Congo beyond what they have read in newspapers and books (225). Many time, when someone does not have enough knowledge on a particular situation, they can tend to make their own assumptions; while this is not right, it does not necessaril y make that person a vicious person, it just makes them ignorant to the subject and shows they need to be informed about it. In a novel about racism titled The Bluest Eyes, author Toni Morrison states, Being a minority in both caste and class, we moved about anyway on the hem of life, struggling to consolidate our weaknesses and hang on, or to creep singly up into the major folds of the garment (17). This quote can be used to describe the African situation for how they were perceived. They were not of a high-class and were often looked down upon, and because of this, they were always easy targets for others to make their presumptions and cast judgment. To say that Heart of Darkness is an intentionally racist text would be a far cry from what many see as Joseph Conradrs true intentions for the novel. While it does have a tendency to focus on, and give insights, into European characters while demeaning Africans, this is not due to racism, but a calculated attempt to illustrate the cruel behavior of the European characters. Conrad shows the hard truth of how many Europeans act when they are freed from the restraints of society and in this process, he also shows that the ones being portrayed as savages are the ones who are not the troublemakers. Many revert back to animalistic behaviors and doing things spitefully, while the savage African cannibals show restraint even when they are provoked by the Europeans. Joseph Conrad was trying to show the reality of European imperialism, that for the most part, would have gotten overlooked and ignored by society. His stance for the topic shows that he was not scared to write about the truth, whe ther it was good or bad. The true message behind Heart of Darkness is not racism, but that power corrupts even what the world sees as the best of people and nations. There is always two sides to every story, and sometimes the good that we see, is underlined with miles of evil that is just waiting to be opened up. There is darkness inside every individual. Whether or not a person frees their darkness is an eternal decision they must make.

Human Sexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1875 Words

Throughout the semester, we learned about different aspects of human sexuality. Regardless of the subject, the most important take away is diversity. All the sections discussed in and outside of class demonstrate how sexually diverse people are around the world. In order to truly understand how widespread and diverse sexuality is; we explored cultures, evolution, studies, biology, religion, physiology, and psychology. By delving into these categories, we can comprehend sexuality and apply our knowledge to a greater number of people. One sexual phenomenon covered in class is intersexual people and what factors play role in this condition. Due to the variety of conditions, the world of intersexual people tends to be tremendously diverse. Today, schools across the world provide different forms of sexual education to their students. Overall, students should be educated in order to better protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. When men and women de cide to become sexually active, is it vital that they are educated enough to be responsible. Human sexuality is a subject that cannot be avoided, therefore, everyone should have a baseline knowledge of the diverse topics. Men and women can be differentiated based upon their sexual reproductive organs. A phenomenon called intersex is when someone’s biological sex is unclear. The people that fall into the intersex category are not a consistent male or female (Hyde 99). In class we discussed theShow MoreRelatedHuman Sexuality And Its Effect On Society2663 Words   |  11 Pages2014-08-13 Introduction Human sexuality is defined as the capability of individuals to experience their sexuality and be able to express themselves as sexual beings (Hyde DeLameck, 2006). Our interest in this topic is because with time, there has been a change in rules that control human sexual behaviour. 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SpecificallyRead MoreSexuality : The Behavioral And Sociological Theory Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesHuman sexuality is a common phrase for all, and anything, pertaining to the feelings and behaviors of sex for the human race. Sexuality has been a topic that has been discussed and studied for as far back as 1000 years B.C. and is still being studied today. As the discussion of sexuality has progressed through history, theories have been created based on research and experiments that scholars have implemented, based on their own perceptions of human behavior. Out of the many theories that pose toRead MoreHow The Importance Of Sexuality In China939 Words   |  4 Pages Research comparing how people in the United States are more widely accepted based on sexuality than other parts of the world, particularly focusing on China. 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Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A systematic reappraisal is â€Å" [ a ] reappraisal of a clearly formulated inquiry that uses systematic and expressed methods to place, choose, and critically measure relevant research, and to roll up and analyze informations from the surveies that are included in the reappraisal. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may non be used to analyze and summarize the consequences of the included surveies † ( Greens A ; Higgins, 2005 ) . SRs are claimed to be the best beginning of grounds in clinical pattern and decision-making ( Cook et al, 1997 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They provide sum-ups of grounds from a myriad of primary surveies which focus on the same inquiries ( Cook et al, 1997, Sanchez-Meca A ; Botello, 2010 ) by efficaciously pull offing and incorporating well big sum of bing information ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . An overview of available scientific grounds which addresses a specific job brand clip devouring procedure of reading single surveies unneeded and therefore, aid wellness attention professionals save their cherished clip ( Sanchez-Meca A ; Botello, 2010 ) . By summarizing consequences of included research surveies into a individual statement, SRs provide greater advantage to clinicians in measuring grounds ( Stevens, 2001 ) . Furthermore, SRs resolve incompatibilities of surveies that discuss the same job but output confusing and conflicting consequences ( Stevens, 2001, Sanchez-Meca A ; Botello, 2010 ) . Besides, SRs set up generalisability by measuring whether clinical findings are consistent across populations and scenes or vary h armonizing to peculiar subsets ( Mulrow, 1994, Stevens, 2001 ) . SRs have become progressively critical to a wide scope of stakeholders ( Moher et al, 2007 ) , peculiarly wellness attention suppliers, research workers and determination shapers ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health attention suppliers particularly clinicians read SRs to maintain abreast with their forte ( Swingler et al, 2003, Moher et Al, 2007 ) and to stay educated in wider facets of medical specialty ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health policy shapers and clinical guideline developers use SRs as get downing point in explicating clinical guidelines and statute laws ( Mulrow, 1994, Moher et Al, 2007 ) . As for some medical diaries, SRs are important as they serve as prerequisite grounds base tools to warrant the demand to carry on farther research ( Young A ; Houltan, 2005 ) . 2.2 Overall coverage quality of SRs Over the past few decennaries, SRs are being published yearly in progressively big Numberss ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . A survey conducted by Moher et Al ( 2007 ) showed that there are about 2500 SRs indexed yearly on Medline. However, there is relatively small bing informations on the coverage quality of SRs despite figure of SRs published is tremendous ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . Several earlier surveies concluded that quality of coverage of SRs was by and large hapless ( Sacks et Al, 1987. Mulrow et Al, 1987, Silagy, 1993, Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Sacks et Al ( 1987 ) evaluated the coverage quality of 86 meta-analyses of studies of randomised controlled tests published in English linguistic communication by taking into consideration 23 points covering six indispensable spheres, i.e. â€Å" survey design, combinability, control of prejudice, statistical analysis, sensitiveness analysis and application of consequences † . The consequences of the survey showed that coverage was by and large hapless, where merely 24 of 86 meta-analyses ( 28 % ) addressed all six spheres and of the 23 points, between 1 and 14 were satisfactorily reported ( average = 7.7, standard divergence = 2.7 ) ( Sacks et Al, 1987 ) . Another earlier rating of SRs by Mulrow et Al ( 1987 ) examined 50 reappraisals published between June 1985 and June 1986 in 4 major medical diaries and found that no individual reappraisal met all eight explicit standards of which the appraisal was based on, i.e. â€Å" purpose, informations designation, informations choice, cogency appraisal, quantitative synthesis, quality synthesis, drumhead and future directives † ( Mulrow et al, 1987 ) . An update of this survey affecting 158 reappraisals published in six general medical diaries in 1996 noted small betterment with merely 2 reappraisals met all 10 methodological standards and the average figure of standards fulfilled was one ( Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Silagy ( 1993 ) evaluated 28 reappraisals covering a broad scope of capable countries which were published in seven chief primary attention diaries in 1991 based on eight standards. The consequences of the survey showed that merely one one-fourth of the reappraisals scored 8 points out of 16 points ( 2 points allocated for each clearly reported standard, 1 point for each non clearly reported standard and 0 point for unreported standard ) ( Silagy et al, 1993 ) . More late, a survey by Jadad et Al ( 1998 ) concluded that Cochrane reappraisals have superior â€Å" methodological asperity † and are more on a regular basis updated compared with SRs or meta-analyses published in paper-based diaries. Oslen et Al ( 2001 ) assessed the quality of Cochrane reappraisals and noted that in general, there were no jobs or merely fiddling jobs found in most of the reappraisals. They studied 53 reappraisals published in issue 4 of the Cochrane Library in 1998 and found that major jobs were identified in 15 reappraisals ( 29 % ) , which correspond to the decision non to the full supported by the grounds in 9 reappraisals ( 17 % ) , unequal coverage in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) and â€Å" stylistic jobs † were recognized in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) ( Oslen et al, 2001 ) . Moher et Al ( 2007 ) examined the epidemiology and describing features of 300 SRs indexed in Medline during November 2004 and found that great differences exist between Cochrane reappraisals and non-Cochrane reappraisals in the coverage quality of several features. Main facets of SR methodological analysis were non reported in many non-Cochrane reappraisals, for case, merely 11 % of the reappraisals mentioned working from a protocol in the procedure of finishing the reappraisal. Besides, informations obtained from the survey suggested that the quality of coverage is inconsistent. 2.3 SRs on herbal medical specialties for mental and behavioral upsets 2.3.1 St John ‘s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) for depression Hypericum infusions have been studied and included in clinical tests since the 1980s ( Linde et al, 2009 ) . Several systematic reappraisals published from 1995 to 2008 concluded that Hypericum infusions are more effectual compared with placebo and comparable to ( likewise effectual as ) criterion antidepressants in handling depressive upsets ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000, Whiskey et Al, 2001, Linde et Al, 2005, Clement et Al, 2006, Linde et Al, 2008 ) . However, some of the tests included in a few reappraisals ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000 ) were being criticised because they incorporated patients with really few and/or mild symptoms who did non run into the inclusion standards of major depression, were carried out by primary attention doctors who were deficiency of experience in depression research, and/or used low doses of comparator drugs ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . Linde et Al ( 2005 ) conducted an update of antecedently completed reappraisal ( Linde et al, 1996 ) by including several new well-designed placebo-controlled tests where negative findings were found in some of the tests ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . The consequences obtained aggravated new arguments on the efficaciousness of Hypericum infusions for intervention of depression and the analyses showed that effects of Hypericum infusions over placebo were less pronounced in surveies restricted to patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2005 ) . In order to understate clinical heterogeneousness every bit good as to uncover the fact that about all new high-quality tests of Hypericum infusions are restricted to patients with major depression, another update of reappraisal ( Linde et al, 2008 ) was conducted by including several new well-designed tests restricted to patients with major depression. 29 tests were included in the survey. In nine larger tests and nine smaller tests affecting comparing of hypericum infusion with placebo, the combined response rate ratio ( RR ) obtained was 1.28 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) , 1.10-1.49 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % CI, 1.22-2.87 ) severally. As for comparing with standard antidepressants, RRs were 1.02 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.15 ; 5 tests ) for tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants and 1.00 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.11 ; 12 tests ) for selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) . Hence, it can be concluded that Hypericum infusions tested in the included test are more effectual than placebo and are likewise effectual as standard antidepressants in patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2008 ) . 2.3.2 Anxiety There are SRs on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. kava infusion, valerian and Passiflora for anxiousness ( Pittler A ; Ernst, 2003, Miyasaka et Al, 2006, Miyasaka et Al, 2007 ) . Merely survey conducted by Pittler A ; Ernst ( 2003 ) found that kava infusion is more effectual than placebo in diagnostic intervention of anxiousness despite the size of the consequence is little. Finding of SR carried by Miyasaka et Al ( 2006 ) comparing the effectivity of valerian with placebo and Valium for anxiousness showed that there is no important differences between valerian and placebo and between valerian and Valium in Hamilton Anxiety ( HAM-A ) entire tonss. Besides, a definite decision was unable to be drawn as there was merely a individual little survey with 36 patients available ( Miyasaka et al, 2006 ) . Miyasaka et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR by including 2 surveies to compare the effectivity of Passiflora with benzodiazepines, i.e. mexazolam and oxazolam severally in handling anxio usness. None of the survey was able to separate Passiflora from benzodiazepines in any of the result steps. Two possible grounds for this deficiency of statistical difference identified were the medicines were every bit effectual and deficient figure of surveies were included ( sample size was non big plenty ) ( Miyasaka et al, 2007 ) . 2.3.3 Dementia Strontium on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. Zhiling decoction, Yizhi capsule and Huperzine A for vascular dementedness found no converting grounds to back up the usage or effectivity of these herbs ( Jirong et al, 2004, Wu et Al, 2007, Hao et Al, 2009 ) . Jirong et Al ( 2004 ) found no suited randomised placebo-controlled tests and concluded that the available grounds was unequal to back up the usage of Zhiling decoction in the direction of vascular dementedness. Wu et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR of Yizhi capsule for vascular dementedness found no survey that met the inclusion standards and no grounds from randomised controlled tests to measure the potency of Yizhi capsule in handling vascular dementedness. SR conducted by Birks A ; Grimley Evans ( 2009 ) to measure the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba for dementedness included 36 tests but most were little and the continuance was less than 3 months. More recent tests with longer continuance showed inconsistent consequences for knowledge and activities of day-to-day life when comparing Gingko biloba with placebo and 1 of the tests reported big intervention effects in favor of Gingko biloba ( Birks A ; Grimley Evans, 2009 ) . Another SR conducted by Weinmann et Al ( 2010 ) which included 9 tests with 2372 patients found that Gingko biloba appeared to be more effectual than placebo for dementedness. Datas obtained showed statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering knowledge every bit good as statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering activities of day-to-day life in subgroup of patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease. Consequences for quality of life and n europsychiatric marks and symptoms were inconsistent ( Weinmann et al, 2010 ) . 2.3.4 Schizophrenia A SR conducted by Rathbone et Al ( 2005 ) to reexamine Chinese herbal medical specialty, either being used entirely or as a portion of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ) attack for people with schizophrenic disorder found that Chinese herbal medical specialties, given in a Western biomedical context, may be good for people with schizophrenic disorder when combined with major tranquilizers. 2.3.5 Insomnia/Sleep upsets 2 of the SRs and/or meta-analyses of valerian for insomnia output inconclusive grounds of the benefit of valerian as a slumber assistance ( Stevinson A ; Ernst, 2000, Bent et Al, 2006, Taibi et Al, 2007 ) . This was because the included surveies of these reappraisals presented great incompatibility across patients, experimental designs, processs and methodological quality ( Stevinson A ; Ernst, 2000 ) . As for reappraisal conducted by Bent et Al ( 2006 ) , the surveies included showed great heterogeneousness in footings of doses, readyings and length of intervention. Taibi et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR to analyze the grounds of valerian for insomnia and found that overall grounds did non back up the clinical efficaciousness of valerian as a slumber assistance. A meta-analysis including 18 randomised controlled tests was conducted by Fernandez-San-Martin et Al ( 2010 ) and the qualitative dichotomous consequences showed that valerian was effectual for subjective betterment of insomn ia. However, the effectivity of valerian was non demonstrated with quantitative measurings ( Fernandez-San-Martin et Al, 2010 ) . 2.4 Characteristics and Quality of SRs of herbal medical specialties Harmonizing to Linde et Al ( 2003 ) , â€Å" descriptive empirical surveies † on SRs are comparatively uncommon. Linde et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a research to analyze the features and quality of SRs on stylostixis, herbal medical specialties and homeopathy by including 115 SRs with 58 SRs on herbal medical specialties. The features and quality of the included SRs examined are summarised in the tabular arraies below ( Table 2.1 A ; 2.2 ) . Table 2.1 Characteristics of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Characteristic E.g. ( s ) Bibliographic features Year of publication Question Narrow intercession focal point Condition reviewed Psychiatric Information on inclusion standards Explicit inclusion standards sing patients/condition ; of import inclusion standards, e.g. merely placebo-controlled tests Literature hunt Explicitly in Medline Others Methods ; consequences and decision Table 2.2 Quality of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Items reviewed Search methods reported Comprehensive hunt Inclusion standards reported Choice prejudice avoided Cogency standards reported Methods for uniting reported Findingss combined suitably Decisions supported by informations Some restrictions encountered in the survey were discussed, for illustration, restrictions in resources doing half of the reappraisals were extracted and assessed by merely 1 referee and there was great heterogeneousness across some of the included reappraisals. Therefore, it was suggested that the analysis of the informations merely served to give an overall position of the descriptive epidemiology of available SRs on herbal medical specialties and there is still plenty room for betterment in future SRs conducted on herbal medical specialties ( Linde et al, 2003 ) . 2.5 Guidance/appraisal tools to measure coverage quality of SRs The increasing popularity and utility of SRs urged the studies of SRs to be â€Å" clear, accurate and crystalline † ( Moher, 2008 ) . Despite there are some betterment in the coverage of SRs, the quality of coverage is still inconsistent ( Moher et al, 2007 ) . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to follow describing criterion or coverage checklist ( Wiesler A ; McGauran, 2010 ) . QUOROM ( QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analyses ) statement, which serves as a criterion to heighten the coverage quality of â€Å" meta-analyses of randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) † was developed in 1996. QUOROM checklist consists of a sum of 20 headers and subheadings and describes the preferable ways of coverage of meta-analyses in footings of abstract, debut, methods, consequences and treatment ( Moher et al, 1999 ) . Table 2.3 Quality of coverage of meta-analyses Heading Subheading Descriptor* Reported? ( Y/N ) Page figure Title Abstraction There are 6 points, i.e. aims, informations beginnings, reappraisal methods, consequences and decision Introduction Methods There are 6 points, i.e. searching, choice, cogency appraisal, informations abstraction, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis. Consequences There are 3 points, i.e. test flow, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis Discussion *Detailed form please refers to Moher et Al ( 1999 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 1999 QUOROM statement was revised and renamed PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reappraisals and Meta-Analyses ) statement ( Moher et al, 2009 ) . PRISMA checklist consists of 27 points ( see Appendix 5 for elaborate checklist points ) . PRISMA checklist differs from QUOROM checklist in a few facets as shown by the tabular array below ( Table 2.4 ) . Table 2.4 Substantive specific alterations between the QUOROM checklist and the PRISMA checklist ( a tick indicates the presence of the subject in QUOROM or PRISMA ) Section/topic and point QUOROM PRISMA Comment* Abstraction Introduction: Aim Methods: Protocol Search Appraisal of hazard of prejudice in included surveies Appraisal of hazard of prejudice across surveies Discussion Funding *Detailed remark please refers to Moher et Al ( 2009 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 2009 How to cite Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

It’s All Greek to Me free essay sample

Albert Camus said, â€Å"You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.† If I could say one thing to Albert, it would be that the meaning of life can be found without searching, and also, it is different for every person. Through life experiences, one in particular, I found that above all, unity of those around you, and appreciation for those that matter most are the key to the most rewarding life. Coming from a Greek family, my heritage has always meant the most to me. I attended Greek school two days a week as a child and today I am among a rare population of people who speak this language. My ethnicity is known for the values it instills in its children, and most importantly, tradition. I experienced something last summer, which not many will in their lifetime, as I traveled to the country of Greece. We will write a custom essay sample on It’s All Greek to Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While there, many doors opened for me as I saw sights from ancient civilizations and traveled deep into the heart of villages. I became acquainted with people who gave me insight about the country, themselves, and their culture. Having this in my life has really impacted me in the way that I have become more personable and social. One significant event that changed me was traveling into a village where not knowing anyone helped me in the most gratifying ways. I had a new outlook on family, and it is actually the main principal in my life. Appreciating the family that is there for you can be so rewarding in the long run, and most don’t see how good people have it today. I’m not saying there aren’t people with difficult lives, but it is crucial to stay close to those who have and can impact your life. Cultural diversity and integrity are just two of the many things I will bring to your school, as a result of my fascinating background and experience. My passion has always been Soccer. Saying it has been influential to me in many ways, is an understatement, because there hasn’t been a time where I ever felt like I could give it up. While in Greece, I managed to play soccer almost every day, and I didn’t even bring a soccer ball with me. The game is vital to all of its fans and players in the country and it was so pleasing when I would go to many different parts of the country and play games with people I didn’t know. I not only learned different rules of the game, but I actually got better and progressed along with my trip. I played with natives of all ages, and my skills improved greatly. When people ask me what my hobbies are besides soccer, I jokingly reply with eating, usually. I would have to say that although I tease about it, eating is actually one thing my family and even Greeks in general, take as supreme importance. Most would think it is a stereotype that Greeks eat a lot, have huge gatherings, and own Greek, family oriented restaurants, but it is quite the contrary. The Greek culture loves to celebrate occasions, even simply the oddness of our culture because it shows we share a strong bond. It isn’t uncommon for Greeks to own restaurants because it is a symbol of a family bond, and it is where I have been working since I was a young girl. My father and mother opened Gyros West the day I was born, and it has been the local hang-out for my family ever since. Extended family and even people I’m not related to come to the restaurant regularly to be treated like family. We pride our restaurant and family on the same values, determination and comm itment. The way my ethnicity continues to impact me every day is the reason why so many of these values exist in my life. My strong character and personality will be widely accepted due to the fact that I am a person who cares so much. I care about my family, others, and most importantly I have respect for others. My trip to Greece has transformed my entire lifestyle and it is eminent that my love for others and myself is shown. I am eager to see what is in store for my future, and ambitious for your choice to acknowledge my generosity.

Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria

Introduction There has been an intensified debate about the alleged chemical weapons attack on civilians in Syria and the proposal by the United States to conduct minimal military strikes in the country to safeguard the Syrians from the hostile regime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been argued that the government of Syria, under its President Assad, authorized the use of chemical weapons in an attack that targeted the opposition factions in the country. This development came amidst the civil war in the country. The war has dragged for a considerable number of months, resulting in a lot of deaths and massive destruction of property. More than ten thousand people have died since the breakout of the war (Cowell para. 6). What has been outstanding as far as the civil war in Syria is concerned are the politics of supremacy among different playe rs in the global economy. The main players have been the United States, on the one hand, and Russia together with the support of Iran, on the other hand. Therefore, both the print and audio visual media have reported on these developments, with a number of reporters and commentators providing commentaries on the ongoing developments. This essay presents the developments on the chemical weapons attack on Syria and the steps that are being taken to handle the situation in Syria. The critical focus of the paper is the analysis of issues and the role and position of different stakeholders in the developments. The paper heavily borrows from the commentaries and reports presented by editorial journalists in key media resources. The Syria chemical weapons attack debate According to Cowell (para. 1), the United Nations has intensified its investigations over the alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria in the recent times. The United Nations has been pulled into this debate as one of the ke y moderators and centers for global pacification. The United Nations’ investigators are looking into the allegations that chemical weapons were deployed seven times, including in the last attack that was conducted on the 21st of August, 2013 and whose impact raised an alarm. The United Nations’ investigation has taken a dual dimension. It focuses on the possible production sites for chemical weapons and the possible storage sites for such weapons as it seeks to link the presence of the weapons to the supposed attacks (Cowell para. 2-5). This nature of investigations is based on the United Nations Convention on Arms and Weapons. The Convention has not only banned the use of chemical weapons, but it also largely bans the production of such weapons.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kristof (para. 1) noted that the threats made by the United States to implement minimum milit ary strikes in Syria have been vital in bringing out the truth about the development of chemical weapons in Syria. He notes that Syria has continued to develop chemical weapons for a long time, contrary to the international convention on the development of weapons that prohibits any country from developing such weapons. In what seems like a one sided view to the issue, Kristof (para. 2) continues to argue that the United States has managed to flex its military power. Such a decision, according to Kristof, is critical in compelling Syria to bring out the truth about the prevalence of chemical weapons programs in the country. In addition, there are conflicting reports about the intensity of chemical use in the civil war in Syria and the scale of damage. The scale of damage is one of the determinants of the nature of intervention that ought to be adopted (Anderson, para. 3). A follow up on the diplomatic efforts by Gordon denoted that a considerable level of progress has been made in t he negotiations. The negotiations that had been taking place in Geneva, Russia, and the United States reached a deal to the effect that the arsenal of chemical weapons in Syria needs to be destroyed. The negotiators set a deadline for the completion of the program of chemical weapons destruction in Syria at 2014 (Gordon para. 1-2). However, there is no optimism that such an agreement will be implemented fully. A substantial number of commentators argue that the timeline set for the completion of the chemical weapons destruction in Syria is quite short (Feith para. 4). Moreover, there is an immense critique of the environment under which the agreement has been reached. This implies that a lot of logical issues were sidelined during the negotiations due to immense pressure on the negotiators caused by the tense security environment and the possible security concerns and consequences that were bound to be witnessed if the two countries failed to come to a consensus over the issue of ch emical attacks and chemical weapons in Syria. Even with the involvement of the United Nations as a moderator, the developments prior to the agreement denoted pressure on the negotiators and the two governments to reach an agreement to avoid any blame for the fallout in the negotiations. Unsuccessful negotiations would mean the possible use of force to access the country and the destruction of the weapons (Gordon para. 2-4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gladstone and Sengupta (para. 1) observed that the United Nations is a major force in not only the preparation of the sides to reach an agreement, but also a major player in the enforcement of sanctions. However, the same body is largely controlled by member countries, especially countries that have veto power. The United States and Russia have the veto power. In spite of the agreement having bee n reached, the ultimate player in this case is the Syrian regime. The resolution that was made by the United Nations Security Council does not threaten the Syrian government under the leadership of President Bashar al-Assad. This offers a great opportunity for the government of Syria to cooperate with the United Nations to avert the possible use of force, which may be lethal to the citizens of the country. There is no optimism over the possibility of ending the Syrian conflict by virtue of launching the program to bring the Syrian civil war to an end. Efforts to intervene and end the nuclear weapons production in the country should go hand in hand with the long term efforts of bringing the civil war to an end and restoration of political order in the country (Gladstone and Sengupta para. 8-9). However, whether President Bashar al-Assad can be coerced as a means of bringing the war to an end is an issue that is still complex due to side politics from the players in the diplomatic cou rse (Kristof para. 8). Moreover, there seems to be a split within the country over the embrace of coercion. The rebel forces in the country seem to back the use of coercion, while the government and other citizens vehemently oppose such a move (Gordon para. 8). There have been confusing reports about the nature of the chemicals that were used in the attacks, with some correspondents and chemical weapons experts pointing to the use of mustard gas. Others argue that the attackers used sarin. Reporting on the possible links to chemical attacks in Syria, Kaiser (para. 3) noted that the United Nations’ investigators need to assess the debris where the bombings took place to ascertain the nature of the chemical weapons that were deployed in Damascus and other alleged regions. However, Kaiser does not show optimism in these inspections. The United States is bound to launch attacks even before the United Nations’ investigators present their report (Kaiser, para 9). According t o Fidler (para. 1), the chemical weapons debate has attracted the attention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO, which is one of the military forces in the Western Europe region, has claimed that these attacks need to be given attention. The tone in the allegations raised by NATO denotes that the masterminds behind these attacks need to be brought to book. This implies the possibility of the involvement of NATO in direct intervention.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is not known whether there is a force from the United States compelling NATO to give the warning. The statement released by NATO seemed to be affirmative. In the report, it was noted that there are stockpiles of chemical weapons in Syria. Again, this raises the question about the essence of the ongoing investigations bearing in mind that most of the renowned powers provide statements that seem to affirm that the Syrian regime has promoted the production of chemical weapons. If it is true that such weapons are being produced and have been used to unleash violence on the people of Syria, then the condemnation from the international community is welcome. The production and deployment of these weapons pose a threat not only to the citizens of Syrian, but also across the entire world. The mere fact that these weapons have been deployed in Syria means that there is a high potential of these weapons crossing the borders and being deployed in other countries (Fidler para. 3-9). Feith (para. 2) ascertains that the policy of the United States in Syria is multifaceted. The United States is not only concerned about the production and the claimed deployment of chemical attacks in the country, but it also focuses on the humanitarian crisis that has been created from the long standoff in the country and the possibility of combating the greater interests of Iran in Syria. It is claimed that Iran has continuously offered support to Hezbollah proxies, who have helped in keeping the hostile regime in power. The United States government has continuously made attempts to link the Syrian regime to the chemical weapons attack. People have been seeing the policy of the United States in Syria as focusing on ousting President Assad from power. This has caused the United States to change its policy by launching the campaign to preserve Assad in power and still implement its foreign policy goals in the region (Feith para. 2-4). Informed opinion on the Syria chemical weapons a ttack The issue of chemical weapons attack in Syria is an eye opener into the large gap that prevails in the international political systems and the ability of these systems to embrace trust and cooperation for the sake of promoting human security. The debate and opinions on the issue revolve around the responsibility of each player and whether these claimed responsibilities can be justified. Therefore, it can be said that a lot of ethical issues are evident in the developments that are taking place, with most of the players seeking to justify their planned set of responses. It is evident that the supposed attacks have sparked the struggle for power and supremacy in the global political arena. This incites a psychological war between the United States and its contemporary competitors (Charles para. 1-2). The countries that are on the periphery, but have been closely linked to the contemporary developments and the search for a permanent solution in the conflict include Russia and the United States. These are the two countries that have immensely struggled for power and supremacy in the world history. Russia, together with a number of its allies like Iran and North Korea, is opposed to plans to conduct military strikes in Syria by arguing that they will aid the Syrian regime to counter any military attacks if the United States decides to go on with the proposed military strikes. In this case, Syria is viewed as a periphery battle ground as far as the renewed struggle for supremacy between the United States and Russia is concerned. The struggle by these periphery countries to justify their actions concerning the issue does not offer a solution to the citizens of Syria, who continue to face the wrath from the sustained civil war in the country. Whether the chemical weapons are deployed in the country or not seems to be the main focus. Looking at it from the ethical stance, it is critical to focus on tactics that will stop or minimize the negative attributes of the civil war on the civilians. This is the form of humanity that is required, instead of the contest that is being seen from the commentaries. The use of chemical weapons needs to be condemned using the strongest terms possible as the use of such weapons endangers the status of humanity in the word. The question that needs to be asked and responded to is how the production of such weapons can be stopped without causing more harm to innocent people in Syria. The question should not focus on whether these weapons were used or not, but on whether there is a better way of preventing the production of such weapons in order to eliminate the chances of such weapons being deployed again and assuring the Syrians of safety and security. With periphery politics surrounding the issue, the investigations and the role of the United Nations in the issue are bound to be watered down by what can be termed as the re-emergence of realistic tendencies in global politics. For once, it is critical for the United States to put aside its interests in Syria and implement policies that can help to avert the humanitarian situation in Syria. Conclusion From the discussion above, it can be argued that the issue of the civil war in Syria and the recent developments has sparked international debates. The rationale for this conclusion is that the supposed chemical weapons attack in Syria has sparked concerns about international security and the responsibility of world powers in sustaining global peace. In addition, the issue of the battle for supremacy has re-emerged, thereby making the issue more complex due to the clash of interests evident in the way different countries are crafting their foreign policies in relation to the Syrian chemical weapons attack issue. Variations in commentaries and opinions are bound to broaden as actions are taken by different players. Works Cited Anderson, Jon Lee. â€Å"Syria, Assad, and the History of Chemical Weapons.† The New Yorker 22 Aug. 2013. Web. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/08/syria-assad-and-the-history-of-chemical-weapons.html Charles, Eric. â€Å"Syria, Chemical Weapons, and Confirmation Bias.† The Daily Democrat. 2013. Web. http://www.thedailydemocrat.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=23190Itemid=9 Cowell, Alan. â€Å"U.N. Investigates More Alleged Chemical Attacks in Syria.† The New York Times 27 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/world/middleeast/united-nations-syria-chemical-weapons.html Feith, Douglas J. â€Å"A Very Productive Chemical-Weapons Attack.† The Wall Street Journal 16 Sept. 2013. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324665604579078940387757478.html. Fidler, Stephen. â€Å"NATO Says Syria Chemical Attack ‘Cannot Go Unanswered’.†The Wall Street Journal 28 Aug. 2013. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324009304579040753547926212.html Gladstone, Rick, and Somini Sengupta. â€Å"Swift Move ment Is Seen on Syria After U.N. Action.† The New York Times 27 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?ref=michaelrgordon. Gordon, Michael R. â€Å"U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria’s Chemical Arms.† The New York Times 14 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html?pagewanted=all Kaiser, Jocelyn. â€Å"Backgrounder: Clues to a Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria.† Science Magazine 28 Aug. 2013. Web. http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2013/08/backgrounder-clues-chemical-weapons-attack-syria Kristof, Nicholas D. â€Å"That Threat Worked.† The New York Times 11Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/kristof-that-threat-worked.html?_r=0 This essay on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria was written and submitted by user Gabriel Dawson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Computer Animators essays

Computer Animators essays Animation as an art form has been around for almost one hundred years. From the earliest days of hand drawn cels, individual pictures strung together, to the complex rendering of 3-D virtual worlds, animation packs peoples' lives. Do you wonder how the computer-animated movies are made or want to become a computer animator? Computer Animation is a fast growing field. There are many different areas to of animation, computer animation is what this paper is about, history of animation and how it came to be and how to get there and what computer animators do for their job is what is in this paper. Animation was first developed in 1906 by Stuart Blackton, a young English-born adventurer. His first short film, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, was a sensation with audiences. Blacktons illusion was created by a very simple method, comical faces were drawn on a blackboard, then erased. The camera was stopped after each face was photographed. The 'stop-motion' provided a startling effect as the facial expressions changed before the audience's eyes. A major breakthrough for animation came in 1915, when J. R. Bray was granted patents for his use of glassine paper. Bray created a two-dimensional look with his animation by drawing on a clear plastic sheet and then placing it over a pre-drawn background. Max Fleischer's rotoscope consisted of a drawing board, fitted with a piece of frosted glass, and a motion picture projector mounted underneath which magnified a single frame of motion picture film onto the glass. When the figure on one frame had been traced onto translucent paper, a crank advanced the film to the next frame. People who choose a career path as a professional animator work in a challenging, fast-paced, and rewarding field. The resurgence in popularity of animation has re-opened countless opportunities for highly creative individuals, with computer skills. The latest need for computer animators is create...

Examsmanship and liberal arts, a study in educational epistemology Essay

Examsmanship and liberal arts, a study in educational epistemology - Essay Example 1. ‘After a long evening of reading blue books full of cow, the sudden meeting with a student who at least understands the problems of ones field provides a lift like a drought of refreshing wine, and a strong disposition toward trust.’ (548) The article is hugely pertinent to the acquisition of knowledge by the students and the way it is applied in one’s life. The author argues that knowledge or education must be able to empower students to make rational decisions based on informed choices as result of accrued knowledge over the period. The facts and information are critical elements of understanding the wider ramification of the same. Hence, their application must demonstrate that understanding and interpret its influence or impact to explain new ideas or existing paradigms. Perry, William C., Jr. ‘Examsmanship and the Liberal Arts: A Study in Educational Epistemology.’Â  The Norton Reader. Ed. Peterson, Linda, Brereton, John, and Hartman, Joan. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.

Long-run Determinants of Exchange Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Long-run Determinants of Exchange Rates - Essay Example There are several factors that are responsible in determining exchange rate in any country. Exchange rates show the value of a country's currency through which it can buy other country's currencies. Every country needs stable foreign exchange rate to trade freely. Exchange rate may get affected through various things. There are two regimes with respect to exchange rate which can either be fixed or flexible. In fixed exchange rate regimes, the currency rates do not move freely. However, in flexible exchange rate system, the currency rates are affected by a number of variables prevailing in an economy. The macroeconomic factors that affect exchange rates are variable by nature and thus play a great role in determining exchange rates. Governments and Central Banks especially utilize these macroeconomic factors to maintain a desired level of exchange rate in the economy. These macroeconomic factors may lead to great fluctuations in exchange rates both in short and long run. The factors t hat determine exchange rate in the long run include imports/exports, monetary shocks, inflation, demand/supply pressures, foreign reserves, economic productivity and government spending etc. The study of factors determining exchange rate in the long run is important so as to understand the reasons for which the currency rates appreciate or depreciate. This paper shed light on the factors determining exchange rates in the long run and evaluates these exchange rate determinants. It elaborates and gives comprehensive understanding of factors that can cause the value of a currency to fluctuate. DETERMINANTS OF EXCHANGE RATE IN LONG RUN Exchange rates greatly signify a country's overall economic position and trading prospects. These rates depict a country's position in terms of its currency's price with respect to that of the other. These are mainly the rates at which currencies could be bought and sold. Exchanges rates have a great impact on other economic variables of a country such as money supply, trade growth, imports, exports and interest rates etc. In the same vein, there are several factors that cause fluctuations in a currency's exchange rates. These determinants of foreign exchange rates may be external or internal and tend to play a great role in causing changes to currency rates. Some of these factors either take place in the short run while several cause exchange rate fluctuations in the long run. The rest of the paper elaborates and evaluates the various determinants of currency exchange rate in the long run. Exports and Imports Countries having fewer imports and more exports usually have high exchange rates. In the same fashion, countries having a lower tendency to export and have imports tend to have trade deficits. Current account surplus and deficit play a significant role in determining exchange rate of a particular country. The elements form crucial elements of a country's GDP. Balance of payment in the receipt side shows the trade surplus and thus puts the positive impacts on exchange rate while the balance of payment in the payment side reflects the trade deficit or loss which puts the negative impact on exchange

The Endangered Species Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Endangered Species Act - Essay Example The word â€Å"extinction† even a few decades back was almost non-existent in the dictionary of a common man. The publication of Rachael Carson’s Silent Spring served as a stimulator. The ESA was a result of the realization of the importance of biological diversity and the need to protect the flora and fauna of the country. Prior to this Act a few acts such as the Lacy Act (1900) regulating wild creature trading and the Migratory Bird treaty Act (1918) had been implemented. In 1966, the congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act which was extremely weak and had several loopholes. Following the failure of this Act in 1969, the Endangered Species Conservation Act was passed which added more species to the previous list of endangered species. However there was an overall lack of scientific understanding of extinction and conservation plans. Therefore, to meet the growing demand for an Act which would be both scientific and powerful.Implementation of the succes sful implementation of the several provisions laid down in the ESA requires economic support while the act itself has several economic impacts. Firstly, the cost associated with the protection of a species consisting of critical habitat designation, listing process and implementation of recovery plan runs into several thousands of dollars. Some people are of the opinion that expenditure of millions of dollars on conservation could have been used for public programs. High priority action provisions account for almost $223 million.

How Plagiarism Violates the NASW Code of Ethics

How Plagiarism Violates the NASW Code of Ethics The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is an organization of professionals that â€Å"works to enhance the professional growth and development of its members, to create and maintain professional standards† (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008, About). Within this association there is a Code of Ethics that was created to help guide the behavior of both professional and student social workers. The NASW Code of Ethics provides ethical standards, values, and principles that all social workers are responsible to adhere to. The Code is presented in four sections detailing appropriate behavior for social workers. With these guidelines in mind social work students are expected to complete both assignments and practice in the field with the upmost highest integrity. While there are many topics covered within the Code, one that is essential for students to consider is plagiarism. Plagiarism as defined by Columbia University School of Social Works Writing Center is â€Å"the use of another writers ideas or words as ones own without citing that person† (CUSSW Writing Center, 2010). Without providing proper documentation of where the writer obtained the information included in an assignment the reader will automatically assume that these are the writers original thoughts and ideas. The fact that a social work student does not credit an author used in a writing assignment goes directly against the guideline of acknowledging credit depicted in section 4.08 of the NASW Code of Ethics, which states, â€Å" a) Social workers should take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only work they have actually performed and to which they have contributed. (b) Social workers should honestly acknowledge the work of and the contributions made by others† (NASW,2008, preamble). All students in the School of Social Work are bound by the by the NASW Code of Ethics and by the policies of the Columbia University School of Social Work community. It is the students responsibility to be fully informed as to what constitutes plagiarism and to refrain from all activities that constitute plagiarism. Typically this information can be obtained by visiting the schools website. As a social work student it is necessary to practice personal and academic honesty because it shows ones character. By copying information and passing it as your own can be considered deceitful and misconstrued as portraying fraud or deception. The Code of Ethics also provides students a method to check ourselves as social workers as we go forth and set an example to clients. In addition, as read in Section 4, Social Workers Ethical Responsibilities as Professionals, of the NASW Code of Ethics â€Å"Social Workers should not participate in , condone, or be associated with dishonesty, fraud or deception† (NASW, 2008, Section 4). This reinforces the concept that as social workers we have a commitment to be true to ourselves and recognize the work of others by crediting them. After a close examination of the NASW Code of Ethics it is apparent that when one performs any act of plagiarism including cheating it is violating the code of many levels and aspects. Under the value of integrity stand the following ethical principles outlining â€Å"Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner† (NASW, 2008, Ethical Principles). The participation of plagiarism this value and ethical principle that are put upon social workers is disgraced. Additionally, under the value of competence, the ethical principle paired is, â€Å"Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise† (NASW, 2008, Ethical Principles). All of these are broken when partaking in plagiarism, as we use others words we are not valuing that individuals worth of the person and more or less stealing their hard work and concepts. Not only do we lose trust of our colleagues but trust in ourselves and are overwhelmed with the feeling of being incompetent when one cannot honor another individuals work. The core values provided by the NASW Code of Ethics are important because our profession is based on these morals. Since â€Å"CUSSW students are expected to conduct themselves in all aspects of school activities in a manner consistent with the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers† participating in plagiarism directly violates these standards (CUSSW, Policies, 2010). As a matter of professional development social work students need to develop a respect for written communication and the process of presenting work. Academic communication is often a balance between the presentation of your original ideas, representation of information gained from other sources and the integration of both. It is ones liability to account for the usage of others work, so we stay in line with our social work ethics and values presented in the code. Furthermore, the Ethical Standards provided in the code include: social workers ethical responsibilities to colleagues, ethical responsibilities in practice settings, ethical responsibilities as professionals, social workers ethical responsibilities to the social work profession, and Social workers ethical responsibilities to the broader society. All of this is lost when not crediting someone else work. It is every social workers mission to follow and have their professional worth be embedded in the core values that the Code of Ethics is based upon and identifies. It is crucial for academic institutions to hold the responsibility of students of fostering and evaluating professional behavioral development for all students in the social work program is (Atlantic University Florida). The School of Social Work also bears a responsibility to the community at large to produce fully trained professional social workers who consciously exhibit the knowledge, values, and skills of the professi on of social work. The values of the profession are codified in the NASW Code of Ethics. When a student does not adhere to these ethical principles, a dilemma arises that question if a student fully comprehends the NASW Code of Ethics and what responsibility it carries. It is clear that quality students fully prepared for the profession will adhere to all the guidelines provided in the NASW Code of Ethics and demonstrate knowledge of the meaning. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/faculty/policies/index.html#ethics http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ssw/write/handouts/AvoidPlagiarism.html http://www.cosw.sc.edu/student/syllabi/sowk735.html http://www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/Default.asp http://www.fau.edu/ssw/expectations.html www.socwork.jmu.edu/demos/partone.ppt http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Preamble to the code of ethics. Retrieved May 4, 2008,from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/ Code/code.asp Social work values and ethics Reamer, Frederic, G. Columbia University Press New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright  © 1999 Columbia University Press

U.S. Constitution :: essays research papers

The document I chose to write about is the United States Constitution. When the thirteen British colonies in North America declared their independence in 1776, they laid down that â€Å"governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.† The â€Å"colonies† had to establish a government, which would be the framework for the United States. The purpose of a written constitution is to define and therefore more specifically limit government powers. After the Articles of Confederation failed to work in the 13 colonies, the U.S. Constitution was created in 1787. The Constitution is important because it was expressly designed to limit powers into three co-ordinate branches, the legislative, executive, and judiciary branch; none of which was to have supremacy over the others. This separation of powers with the checks and balances which each branch was given over the others was designed to prevent any branch, from infringing individual liberties safeguarded by the Constitution. I think the U.S. Constitution was a way for the U.S. to establish government which was a negotiation between the two former governments, a monarchy and total state power. I think by creating the checks and balances, people’s rights would be safer and they would feel more secure not having one branch of government with absolute power. What I found most interesting about the Constitution was how complex and detailed the framers made it, to effectively explain and limit the individual branches of power in government. In the words of Thomas Paine, "a governm ent without a constitution is power without right". Meaning that for power to be granted, it is necessary to establish a constitution. The Federalist Papers 10 & 51 were essays which helped persuade the citizens of the United States to vote for the federal Constitution. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay used pseudonyms as their names to convince the public. Those who were skeptical of voting for a government, which had many different major powers, were reassured by the founding fathers in their speeches and conventions throughout the U.S. The importance of Constitution, both in its content and its status, is little appreciated by the general public.